In a time of ever shrinking attention spans, lengthy blog posts are a very tough sell. In March of 2018, I published my longest post, one that celebrated a favorite melody. Because the melody has seasonal relevance, I’m re-publishing that post–with some minor tweaks–today, Good Friday.

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What follows is the story of a melody that started its life in the 17th century as young man’s lovesick lament and was then, in succession, 1) transformed into a hymn sung by Germany’s Lutheran faithful, 2) appropriated by a composer–considered by some the greatest that ever lived–for one of his crowning achievements, and 3) over 200 years later, was spun into a rumination on the American experience at a time when the Watergate scandal was roiling to a full boil and the U.S. was beginning its withdrawal from Vietnam.  Intrigued?  I hope you’ll read on.

I. A Secular Start
In 1601, Hans Leo Hassler (1564 – 1612), a German composer and organist, published a volume of music called Lustgarten neuer teutscher Gesäng, Balletti, Gaillarden und Intraden (A Pleasure Garden of New Teutonic Songs, Ballets, Gaillards and Intradas).  Of the 50 compositions included in the collection, 39 were vocal works and 11 were instrumental selections.

One of the vocal works was a secular love song, for five voices, called “Mein G’müth ist mir verwirret” (“I’m all mixed up”).

Here’s the first of the five verses performed by the German vocalists, Ensemble Diapasón.

II.  A Hymnist’s Prerogative

Let’s remain in Germany and move further into the 17th century.  Meet Paul Gerhardt (1607 – 1676), a theologian, Lutheran minister and prolific creator of hymns.

As a theologian and minister, Gerhardt would have been familiar with a medieval poem, Salve mundi salutare (All Hail, Savior of the World).  The poem consisted of seven cantos, each of which addressed a part of Jesus’ body–his feet, knees, hands, side, breast, heart, and head–as he was dying on the cross.   Gerhardt translated the entire work into German from its original Latin and in 1656, the seventh section, Salve caput crucentatum, which focused on Jesus’ head, was set to a rhythmically simplified version of Hassler’s love song melody and published in a popular hymnal of the day.  The well-known first line of the hymn: “O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden” (“O Sacred Head Now Wounded”).

III.  The Master

J.S. Bach was born 9 years after Gerhardt died.  An extraordinarily devout Lutheran, he would come to know Gerhardt’s hymns well and, in 1727, would weave the melody of “O Sacred Head” into one of his own works.  Hassler’s lovesick lament was now placed in the service of “passion” of a very different kind: the Passion story (from passio, a participle of the Latin verb “to suffer”), which recounts the events leading to Jesus’ crucifixion.  Bach’s sacred oratorio, the St. Matthew Passion, has been referred to by many as the Mount Everest of Western music.  This monumental work, written for three choirs, two orchestras and multiple soloists, is three hours long and was first performed in Leipzig on Good Friday 295 years ago: April 11, 1727.

The Saint Matthew Passion, in addition to arias and recitative, contains twelve chorales, hymn tunes arranged in four-part harmony, i.e., for soprano, alto, tenor and bass voices.  (Contrast this with what generally happens during a church service, with members of the congregation all singing the same melodic line accompanied by an organ).  Hassler’s melody, the so-called “passion chorale”, is heard five separate times over the course of the oratorio.  Repetitive?  Boring?  Not a chance.  Bach’s harmonizations allow each appearance of the chorale to effectively convey the mood of what’s happening at that time in the Passion story.

I’ll offer two examples, using video snippets of a performance by Philippe Herreweghe and the Collegium Vocale Gent.  The first time we hear the melody, it’s paired with text representing a worshiper asking for Christ’s acceptance and acknowledging the spiritual blessings he provides.  The sentiments are uplifting, befitting the bright key of E major.

The fifth and final time we hear the chorale is in the moments after Christ’s death. The melody is the same, but the harmonization–with its many accidentals and discordant intervals–conveys a vastly different, and appropriate, mood: one of anguish. The words are, again, those of a worshiper, this time pleading for Christ’s presence at the time of his/her own death.  This setting of the chorale is, for me, almost unbearably beautiful; its mere minute and sixteen seconds contain an entire world of emotion.

IV. Circling Back To The Secular

Paul Simon’s second solo album, There Goes Rhymin’ Simon, was released in 1973 and included the song “American Tune”; Simon isn’t addressing passion, or ‘The Passion’, but rather the sense of weariness, uncertainty, and misdirection that pervaded the country at the time.  The melody is clearly inspired by the work of Hassler, who, I imagine, might be nonplussed to learn that his composition, 421 years after he committed it to parchment for the first time, is thriving well into the 21st century.

Many’s the time I’ve been mistaken
And many times confused
Yes, and I’ve often felt forsaken
And certainly misused

Oh, but I’m alright, I’m alright
I’m just weary to my bones
Still, you don’t expect to be bright and bon vivant
So far away from home, so far away from home

And I don’t know a soul who’s not been battered
I don’t have a friend who feels at ease
I don’t know a dream that’s not been shattered
Or driven to its knees

But it’s alright, it’s alright
For we lived so well so long
Still, when I think of the
Road we’re traveling on
I wonder what’s gone wrong
I can’t help it, I wonder what has gone wrong

And I dreamed I was dying
I dreamed that my soul rose unexpectedly
And looking back down at me
Smiled reassuringly

And I dreamed I was flying
And high up above my eyes could clearly see
The Statue of Liberty
Sailing away to sea
And I dreamed I was flying

We come on the ship they call The Mayflower
We come on the ship that sailed the moon
We come in the age’s most uncertain hours
And sing an American tune

Oh, and it’s alright, it’s alright, it’s alright
You can’t be forever blessed
Still, tomorrow’s going to be another working day
And I’m trying to get some rest
That’s all I’m trying to get some rest.

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Just for fun: See if you can spot the Bach references in these works by The Beach Boys, The Beatles, and Jethro Tull. And here‘s Paul McCartney showing how he appropriated Bach for another beloved Beatles tune.